Opening Space for Democracy

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Hundreds of training activities in detail, over 60 handouts with the content of how to defend human rights against violence, an integrated 23-day curriculum, many tips for trainers, and mini-essays on pedagogical theory -- all of this is included in the 634-page manual available from Training for Change (TFC).

THIRD-PARTY NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION Curriculum and Trainer's Manual by Daniel Hunter and George Lakey, Training for Change04

Download the training curriculum (the first half of the complete manual) (Note: over 2.3 mb in size)

Field-tested in Southeast Asia and extensively revised, the curriculum draws from the experience of dozens of non-governmental organizations which have confronted terror and repression in the field while trying to do their work. Some of these groups go into the field with the mission of nonviolently opening space for democracy, groups like Peace Brigades International, Guatamalan Accompaniment Project, Christian Peace Teams. Other groups focus on humanitarian missions, like Doctors Without Borders or the International Committee for the Red Cross, and yet their workers find themselves in harm's way in the turbulent world of civil conflict. In addition, the authors consulted with military peacekeepers and academic specialists in conflict resolution.

Over a year's research, plus previous Training for Change experience in training volunteers to go into hazardous conditions, went into this book. The field of Third Party Nonviolent Intervention is so new that the authors found themselves needing to do more work in defining four of the techniques which civilian peacekeepers use: protective accompaniment, monitoring/observing, presence, and interposition. The authors' conceptual work is explained in the book along with hand-outs and activities that clarify the concepts for the training participants. In fact, each of these four techniques has its own module, which means that an organization that practices only one or two of the techniques needs to use only the relevant modules in their trainings.

Trainers who do not specialize in third party nonviolent intervention will nevertheless find value in the book: tested ideas and exercises for cross-cultural training, how to build safety in a group, tips for evaluation of training, a variety of new activities that might be adapted, and the design concept of "threads" which weave a training into an organic whole.

Hunter and Lakey realize that trainers and organizations will selectively adopt and adapt different parts of the curriculum, so they include a chapter "How to steal from the manual." The hundreds of activities and their placement are contextualized throughout the curriculum, with transparency about pedagogical assumptions, so the trainer wanting to borrow from the curriculum can do it thoughtfully and not undermine their work by inappropriate timing or sequencing.

The curriculum includes activities that will be familiar to an experienced trainer, such as roleplays and small group discussions, but those are often given a new twist or have fresh content. Many other tools were invented specifically for this field and curriculum; even these new ones have been field-tested before inclusion in the book. All the tools are within the approach often called "popular education," or "experiential education" -- highly participative, dynamic, and structured to elicit the knowledge and wisdom of the participants rather than to impose the expertise of the trainer.

The knowledge previously generated in this field is shared with participants through a careful weaving together of information following a personal and group experience. The dynamics of group development are explicitly used to support the learning in the curriculum. There are structured ways to assist individuals to learn to handle stress (including exploring practices from various spiritual traditions) and increase their stamina.

The authors invented three new simulations and give a full description of how to use each simulation to maximize the integration of learning. One reason integration is so important is that much of the time in training is spent enhancing various peacekeeping skills. (The choice of skills resulted from research in which a variety of organizations were asked for the core proficiencies that they look for in placing workers in hazardous field conditions.) Day after training day the participant is developing her or his security skills, their team skills, their conflict skills, and so on, and the periodic simulation gives them a chance to put these skills together and test their effectiveness in an uncertain and stressful situation.

The authors chose a multicultural approach to creating the curriculum. A criterion for inclusion in the curriculum was that an activity or exercise had worked in a variety of cultures. The educational approach is rooted in Brazilian educator Paolo Freire's liberation pedagogy, tested and developed by Training for Change in dozens of cultures. The advisory panel for the curriculum was the international training committee of Nonviolent Peaceforce, a new nongovernmental organization which collaborated closely with Training for Change in the development of the curriculum. Even the design of the curriculum itself balances the linearity often preferred in the Global North with the cyclical and spontaneous values often preferred in the Global South.

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Opening Space for Democracy: Table of Contents

Introduction Using the Publication

1. Explanation of the Core Training 2. How To Steal From The Manual 3. What is Third-party Nonviolent Intervention: defining accompaniment, interposition, observing/monitoring, and presence 4. TPNI Simulations: applications of the techniques 5. Skills This Curriculum Covers: Core Proficiencies Training Curriculum Training Curriculum At A Glance Week 1 Day 1: Orientation to the organization, training, and building a group for learning Day 2: More capacity building, culture, team-building Day 3: Background for TPNI Day 4: More theory of TPNI and personal well-being skills... Day 5: Introduction of Accompaniment Day 6: More accompaniment, rank work, and de-escalation skills Day 7: Accompaniment Simulation! Week 2 Day 8: Finishing debrief of accompaniment simulation; facilitation skills Day 9: Security (report-writing, information flow, relating to others) and Conflict Resolution Day 10: Introduction to monitoring/observing and moving the team forward Day 11: More security, personal reflection, and preparation for upcoming simulation Day 12: More monitoring/observing and understanding the organizational structure Day 13: Monitoring/Observing Simulation! Day 14: Mid-training check-in, evaluation and moving the group forward Week 3 Day 15 and 16: Rotating Sessions: CISD, Rank and Privilege, Driving Skills, Spiritual well-being and First Aid Day 17: Power analysis and its use in conflict situations, plus de-stressing Day 18: Introducing Presence Day 19: Deepen Presence Day: Introducing Interpositioning Day 21: Interposition Simulation! Week 4 Day 22: Life in the Field; Professionalism; and skilling up in any area Day 23: Final day: Review, Evaluation and Closing ceremony Modules & Threads Accompaniment Technique Module Tools In The Company of Fear Video Accompaniment Role-Plays Handouts Introduction to Accompaniment Prioritization: Weighing Issues to Decide Who to Accompany Guidelines for Handling Protective Accompaniment Monitoring/Observing Technique Module Tools Peripheral Vision Milling Fishbowl Observation Challenge Information Stations on Monitoring Monitoring/Observing 101 Ethics of Monitoring/Observing International Law Game Show Handouts Monitoring: Ethical Issues & Responses Important Points to Remember for Political Observers Documenting Human Rights Abuses Knowing Your Legal Rights to Intervene Human Rights Fundamentals Universal Declaration of Human Rights Presence Technique Module Tools Walking down the line Responding to Chaos: Video Challenge Presence Skills Arena Handouts Presence: impacting the field of violence Grounding, Centering and Breathing Interposition Technique Module Tools Enlisting Allies Tag Team Crowd Control and Interposition Quick Decisions Handouts Introduction to Interpositioning Crowd Control Empty Theory of TPNI Thread Tools Spectrum of Peacebuilding Pantomime for Three Applications of Nonviolent Action Parallel lines: learning through doing [Dog Beating Role-play] Deterrence Relay Race Quick Decisions Historical Roots Quest Chair Power: Three types of power Handouts Deterrence Theory Three Applications of Nonviolent Action: Social Change, Social Defense, and Third-Party Nonviolent Intervention Three Grand Strategies: Peacemaking, Peacebuilding and Peacekeeping What is Third-party Nonviolent Intervention: defining accompaniment, interposition, observing/monitoring, and presence Nonpartisanship Stages of Implementing the Peace Strategies A Political Analysis of Terror Team-building Thread Tools I am the center... Team Types Activity Ankle Walk Introduction to Morning Ritual Participant-led Sessions Fishbowl: "Worst meeting ever..." Task and Maintenance: What makes groups work? Facilitation Practice with Observers Childhood Stories About Conflict Concentric Circles: Success in Conflict Active Listening in Controversy Challenge Structured Journaling: Owning Responses to Conflict Sociogram of Organization's Structure Blindsquares Electric Fence (in new work teams) Handouts Problem-Solving As a Team Team Types Things to Observe in Internal Group Dynamics Guidelines for Giving Useful Feedback to Teammates Introduction to the Emergency Response Network Leadership Skills in Groups Facilitation Skills Active Listening: Some Helpful Hints Conflict Resolution Processes: Tips and Strategies Tips for Facilitators: Preparing for Meetings Culture and Rank Thread Tools Culture Sharing: 3 strengths and 1 concern Closed-eye Process: Cross-Cultural Successes Dadoo Village Stepping Stones Identifying Personal Rank Photographic Culture Sharing Step With Me Gender Sensitivity (dealing with stereotypes) Handouts Personal Tips for Handling Cultural Clashes How Different Cultures Handle Conflict Mainstream and Margin Rank and Privilege Immediate Conflict Skills Thread Tools Voice Barometer De-escalation Skill Role-plays Confidence in the Face of Violence Series Practicing Power-with-others and Power-from-within Practicing Presence Handouts How to behave when confronted with direct violence Nonviolence and Guns De-escalation Skills Handling Heckling and Scuffles The Usefulness of Understatements Security Thread Tools Communicating the Organization Role-Plays Report writing challenge Macro-Analysis Tool: International Players Tinkertoy Intelligence Collection Drill Security of Information/Relating to Others Role-Plays Cell Phones and Using Immediate Conflict Skills Role-play Skits Handouts Doing Threat Assessment Developing a Positive Public Image Personal Safety How to Reduce Repressive Violence Elements of a Good Report Guidelines for Writing to the Public Tips on Writing Reports and Publications Recommendations for International Workers: Knowing the Country Context Guidelines When Dealing with Security Personnel Guardian Article: the increase in violent attacks on aid workers Negotiating with the Military Working with the Media Tips on interviewing victims of traumatic stress How to do Public Relations Meetings Personal Awareness Thread Tools Guidelines Maximize/Minimize Learning Step In: Step Out Sustaining Self-Care: a tool for personal awareness Noticings Reflection on Lessons Learned Nonviolence Sociograms Brainstorm: Ways to Handle Fear Presentation of Self Series Reflect on Maximize/Minimize List Feedback Mingle Stamina & Personal Motivation Professional Identity Challenge Handouts Experiencing Fear Ways to Control Fear (lists from previous workshops) Personal Well-being Thread Tools Creating Buddy Pairs (Partners for Learning) Curiousity Challenge (Getting to know facilitators/fellow participants) Creating Physical Exercise Practice Groups Peer Counseling: Practicing Intentional Support Creating Spiritual Practice Groups Spiritual Practice Sharing Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Intro Reflection on Spiritual Well-being Open Sharing Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Session Healing Ritual Gummy Bear Exercise Handouts Debriefing for Peacekeepers The Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Process The Value of the Team Creating A Personal Support Network Peer Support: The Art of Listening Extra Trauma Material: Dealing with Traumatic Events Technical Skills (mini-thread) Handouts Tips for taking better pictures Tools for Training Framework (mini-thread) Tools Welcoming and Closing Ceremony Agenda Review The Mingle: a flexible experiential activity Logistics Introduction Creation of Listening Committee Review Tools Review Tool: People-Sized Strategy Board Game Closing Circles Dynamicas Supplemental Tools Handling Trauma: Normalizing Reactions Strategy Game Evaluating the Training Evaluating the Training Sample Evaluation Materials Enhancing Your Training Cross-Cultural Trainings: Some Tips How To Build Safety In A Group Using Discomfort Zones for Learning How to Set-Up and Lead Role-Plays Debrief Ideas Stamina Tips Appendices Appendix A: Civil Society Defending Civil Society Appendix B: Logistics Coordinator Manual Appendix C: Bibliography Index and Lists of Manual Resources Index of Tools/Exercises Complete List of Tools/Exercises (ordered by threads) Complete List of Handouts (ordered by threads) List of Abbreviations